2000 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
Volume 48 Number 6, June 2000

Table of Contents for this issue

Complete paper in PDF format

System Aspects of Smart-Antenna Technology in Cellular Wireless Communications-An Overview

Adrian O. Boukalov and Sven-Gustav Häggman

Page 919.

Abstract:

In this paper, we surveyed the three main system aspects of smart-antenna (SA) technology in wireless communications, i.e., SA receiver, wireless network control, and planning with SA's. A classification of SA receivers and their algorithms is given in order to simplify orientation in a very large amount of structures and algorithms. We discuss system integration of SA receivers,taking into consideration expected propagation conditions, user mobility,and offered traffic. Several radio network planning and upgrading concepts associated with SA's are evaluated. We describe possible radio networks architectures when SA's are used at the mobiles, base stations, or at both ends. Radio network control functions with SA's at different layers are briefly examined. Existing experimental and commercially available SA's and their performance are surveyed.

References

  1. B. D. Van Veen and K. M. Buckley, "Beamforming: A versatile approach to spatial filtering", IEEE ASSP Mag., pp.  4-24, Apr.  1988.
  2. L. C. Godara, "Application of antennas arrays to mobile communications: Part II", Proc. IEEE, vol. 85, pp.  1193-1245, Aug.  1997.
  3. M. Cabrera, et al. "Mobile adaptive array processing algorithms", Alcatel SEL, UPC, Race TSUNAMI Project Rep. R2108/UPC/WP3.3/DR/P/03/b1, 1995.
  4. P. E. Morgensen, P. Zetterberg, H. Dam, P. L. Espensen and F. Frederiksen, "Algorithms and antenna array recommendations (Part 1)", Aalborg University, Aalborg, France, Race TSUNAMI Project Rep. AC020/AUC/A1.2/DR/P/005/b1, 1997.
  5. S. Rappaport and J. Liberti, Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications 1/e, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999.
  6. P. M. Grant, J. S. Thompson and B. Mulgrew, "Adaptive arrays for narrowband CDMA base stations", Electron. Commun. Eng. J., pp.  156-166, Aug.  1998.
  7. A. F. Naguib, "Adaptive antennas for CDMA wireless networks", Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, 1996.
  8. Z. Rong, T. S. Rapport, P. Petrus and J. H. Reed, "Simulation of multitarget adaptive array algorithms for wireless CDMA systems", in Proc. IEEE VTC'97, Phoenix, AZ, pp.  1-5. 
  9. R. Kohno, "Spatial and temporal communication theory using adaptive antenna array", IEEE Pers. Commun., pp.  28-35, Feb.  1998.
  10. A. J. Paulraj and B. C. Ng, "Space-time modems for wireless personal communications", IEEE Pers. Commun., pp.  36-48, Feb.  1998.
  11. A. Paulraj and C. B. Papadias, "Space-time processing for wireless communications", IEEE Signal Processing Mag., pp.  49-83, Nov.   1997.
  12. N. Seshadri, V. Tarogh and A. R. Calderbank, "Space-time codes for wireless communication: Code construction", in Proc. VTC'97, Phoenix, AZ, pp.  637-641. 
  13. V. Tarogh, "Space-time coding for high data rate wireless communication: Mismatch analysis", in Proc. ICC'97, Montreal, P.Q., Canada, pp.  309- 313. 
  14. P. M. Grant, J. S. Thompson and B. Mulgrew, "Adaptive antenna arrays for CDMA systeMs", IEEE Pers. Commun., pp.  16-25, Oct.  1996.
  15. R. Rhenshmidth and M. Tangemann, "Performance of sectorized spatial multiplex systems", in Proc. IEEE VTC'96, Atlanta, GA, pp.  426-430. 
  16. J. Fuhl and A. F. Molish, "Capacity enhancement and BER in a combined SDMA/TDMA system", in Proc. IEEE VTC'96, Atlanta, GA, pp.  1481-1485. 
  17. R. Rheinshmitt and J.-O. Vallet, "Mobile cell control methods for adaptive antennas", Alcatel SEL, TSUNAMI Project Rep. R2108/SEL/WP3-4/DS/I/029/b1, May 12, 1995.
  18. M. Tangemann, "Influence of the user mobility on the spatial multiplex gain of an adaptive SDMA system", in Proc. PIMRC '94, The Netherlands, Sept. 1994, pp.  745 -794. 
  19. M. Torlak and G. Xu, "Minimum distance of space-division-multiple access channel", in Proc. IEEE VTC'97, Phoenix, AZ, pp.  2223-2227. 
  20. C. Farsakh and J. A. Nossek, "On spatial separation potential of a uniform linear antenna array", in Proc. IEEE VTC'96, Atlanta, GA, pp.  1477- 1480. 
  21. R. Rhenshmidth and M. Tangemann, "Comparison of upgrade techniques for mobile communication systems", in Proc. SUPERCOMM/ICC'94,.
  22. F. Kronestedt and S. Anderson, "Migration of adaptive antennas into existing networks", in Proc. IEEE VTC'98,, pp.  1670-1674. 
  23. T. Iwama, "Computer simulation of frequency assignment in microcellular system using array antennas", in Proc. IEEE 45th VTC'95, Chicago, IL, pp.  594- 598. 
  24. M. Frullone et al., "Usage of adaptive antennas to solve resource planning problems", in Proc. 46th VTC'96, Atlanta, GA, pp.  527-530. 
  25. D. Stamatelos and A. Ephremides, "Spectral efficiency and optimal base placement for indoor wireless networks", IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 14, pp.  651-661, May  1996.
  26. "Planning UMTS with adaptive antennas", STORMS Project Rep. A016/TDE/TID/DS/L/052/a1, 30.11.97,
  27. J. C. Kelliher, "Target operator requirements for adaptive antennas", Era Technology, Surrey, U.K., TSUNAMI Project Rep. AC020/ORA/A1.1./DR/P/001/b1, Dec. 11, 1995.
  28. C. V. Tsulos, M. A. Beach and S. C. Swales, "Application of adaptive antenna technology to third generation mixed cell radio architectures", in Proc. 44th VTC, Stockholm, Sweden,June 7-10 1994, pp.  615-619. 
  29. J. H. Winters, "Signal acquisition and tracking with adaptive arrays in wireless systems", IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 42, pp.  377-384,  Nov.  1993.
  30. A. F. Naguib, "Power control in wireless CDMA: Performance with cell site antenna arrays", in Proc. Globecom'95,, pp.  225-229. 
  31. S. P. Stapleton, X. Carbo and T. McKeen, "Tracking and diversity for a mobile communications base station array antenna", in Proc. IEEE VTC'96, Atlanta, GA, pp.  1695-1699. 
  32. C. Farsah and J. A. Nossek, "A real time downlink channel allocatio scheme for SDMA mobile radio system", in Proc. IEEE PIMRC'96,, pp.  1216-1220. 
  33. P. Zetterberg, "Mobile cellular communications with base station antenna arrays: Spectrum efficiency, algorithms and propagation models", Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Signal, Sens., Syst., Royal Inst. Technol., Stockholm, Sweden, 1997.
  34. A. Papathanassiou, J. J. Blanz, M. Haardt and P. W. Baier, "Spatial channel assignment consideration in a joint detection CDMA mobile radio system employing smart antennas", in Proc. 5th Int. Telecommun. Conf., 1998, pp.  318-322. 
  35. F. Rashid, L. Tassiulas and K. J. Lui, "Joint optimal power control and beamforming for wireless networks using antenna arrays", in Proc. IEEE Globecom'96, London, U.K., pp.  I-555-I-559. 
  36. F. Rashid, L. Tassiulas and K. J. Lui, "Transmit beamforming and power control for cellular wireless systems", IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, pp.  1437-1449, Oct.  1998.
  37. J. Ward and T. Compton, "Improving the performance of a slotted ALOHA packet radio network with an adaptive array", IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 40, pp.  292-300, Feb.  1992.
  38. J. Ward and T. Compton, "High throughput slotted ALOHA packet radio networks with adaptive array", IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 41, pp.  460-469, Mar.  1993.
  39. A. Sugihara, E. Enomoto and I. Sasae, "Throughput performance of a slotted nonpersistent CSMA with an adaptive array", in Proc. PIMRC'95,, pp.  633-637. 
  40. J. Y. Kim and J. H. Lee, "Performance analysis of an FH/SSMA network with adaptive antenna array and packet combining", in Proc. IEEE VTC'98,, pp.  2217-2221. 
  41. S. Anderson, U. Forssen, J. Karlsson, T. Witzschel, P. Fisher and A. Krug, "Ericsson/Mannesmann GSM field-trials with adaptive antennas", in Proc. IEEE 47th VTC, 1997, pp.  1587-1591. 
  42. S. Anderson, "Adaptive antennas for GSM", presented at the 5th Stanford Smart Antennas Mobile Wireless Commun. Workshop, July 23-24, 1998.
  43. K. Molnar, "Space-time processing in a evolution of IS-136 system", presented at the 5th Stanford Smart Antennas Mobile Wireless Commun. Workshop, July 23-24, 1998 .
  44. B. Hagerman, T. Osterman, K. J. Molnar and G. E. Bottomly, "Field test performance results for D-AMPS in PCS bands with array processing", in Proc. IEEE VTC'97, Phoenix, AZ, pp.  1582- 1586. 
  45. J. H. Winters, "Forward link smart antennas and power control for IS-136", presented at the 5th Stanford Smart Antennas Mobile Wireless Commun. Workshop, July 23-24, 1998.
  46. R. L. Cupo, G. Golden, C. Martin and J. H. Winters, "A four-element adaptive antenna array for IS-136 PCS base stations", in Proc. IEEE VTC'97, Phoenix, AZ, pp.  1577-1581. 
  47. F. Adachi, "Application of adaptive antenna arrays to W-CDMA mobile radio", presented at the 5th Stanford Smart Antennas Mobile Wireless Commun. Workshop, July 23-24, 1998 .
  48. G. Tsulos, M. Beach and J. McGeen, "Wireless personal communications for the 21st century: European technology advances in adaptive antennas", IEEE Commun. Mag., pp.  102-109, Sept.  1997.
  49. J. Monot, J. Thibault, P. Chevalier, F. Pippon and S. Mayrague, "Smart antenna prototype for the SDMA experimentation in UMTS and GSM/DCS1800 network", in IEEE PIMCR'97, Helsinki, Finland, pp.  33-337. 
  50. J. Strandell, M. Wennstrom, A. Rydberg, T. Oberg and O. Gladh, "Experimental evaluation of an adaptive antenna for TDMA mobile telephony system", in Proc. PIMRC'97, vol. 1, Helsinki, Finland, pp.  79-84.