17 September 1998: Link to DoD transcription of Secretary Cohen's full remarks and Q&A session.

15 September 1998: Link to interview request to DoD; add list of CFR participants.

14 September 1998

We attended Secretary Cohen's talk today at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City, as presented in the press release below.

While not included in the prepared text, Secretary Cohen remarked in the Q&A on terrorism and encryption policy that Americans will have to decide how much privacy they will be willing to give up for protection against terrorism, and cited the FBI's similar views on the threat of encryption use by terrorists.

Afterwards I had a brief, informative chat with Kenneth Bacon, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs, to ask about interviewing Secretary Cohen on Echelon, the global electronic intercept and surveillance system operated by the National Security Agency.

Mr. Bacon said the Department will not comment on such matters. I acknowledged that was the case heretofore, but with intense European interest in Echelon, I asked if would it be possible for Secretary Cohen to give a statement on the topic.

I noted that Secretary Cohen in his talk today had listed international cooperation as a principal need of US defense policy, and that Echelon had raised considerable suspicion of US interception and surveillance prowess which could inhibit international trust and cooperation.

I also asked Mr. Bacon if Secretary Cohen could discuss as well the possibility of further declassification of secret technology, as with the Skipjack encryption algorithm, to enhance US economic security and for protection against information espionage.

Mr. Bacon said that others in the Department would be more appropriate to discuss such topics in detail then Secretary Cohen. I asked if anyone except the Secretary had authority to discuss Echelon and declassification of secret technology. Mr. Bacon would not answer that but suggested I send a letter proposing such topics for discussion and the Department will respond.

    Date: Mon, 14 Sep 1998 18:05:04 -0400
    From: dlnews_sender@DTIC.MIL
    Subject: DoD News Releases
    To: DODNEWS-L@DTIC.MIL

    = N  E  W  S      R  E  L  E  A  S  E
    =
    = OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
    = (PUBLIC AFFAIRS)
    = WASHINGTON, D.C. 20301
    =
    = PLEASE NOTE DATE
    ====================================================

    No. 475-98

    IMMEDIATE RELEASE
    September 14, 1998
    (703)697-5737(public/industry)
    (703)697-5131(media)

    Remarks Prepared for Delivery by
    U.S. Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen
    Council on Foreign Relations
    New York, New York

    September 14, 1998

    "Security in a Grave New World"

    When I leave my office to walk to the National Military Command Center,
    I pass through a corridor that is decorated with quotations on the walls.
    My favorite is one by Robert E. Lee:  "I was too weak to defend, so I
    attacked." But the most sobering is one from Proverbs:  "When there is
    no vision, the people perish."

    Tonight, I want to talk about my vision for maintaining a strong, flexible
    national defense in a grave new world characterized by complex threats.
    These challenges include:

    * Transnational terrorism
    * Rogue nations rushing to build weapons of mass destruction.
    * Ethnic, religious and economic strains that undermine security and
      stability in key areas of the world.

    We no longer face a single, powerful enemy, as we did during the Cold War.
    We don't live with a balance of terror.  But we do face terrorists, and
    we do face the terrorizing possibility some nation or group will try to
    use a deadly chemical or biological weapon against our forces or our
    homeland.

    Because we don't confront a single enemy, we are facing a wider variety
    of  challenges.  We are deploying to more places than 10 years ago, and
    we are doing that with a military that is 36% smaller than at the end of
    the Cold War.

    To deal effectively with these challenges, we must have a national
    security policy based on four pillars:

    * Bi-partisan support for Defense Policy
    * Budgets adequate to maintain the world's best military today and in the
      future
    * International cooperation
    * Interagency cooperation within our government

    When I became secretary of defense, I announced that my goal was to
    maintain a  bi-partisan consensus for strong national security policies.
    The security issues we face today transcend partisanship.  They aren't
    Democratic or Republican challenges; they are national challenges.
    What happens in Moscow, Baghdad or Pyongyang matters in Minneapolis,
    Birmingham or Portland. Any vision for a strong national defense must
    rest on a foundation of bi-partisan support.  We can't lead the world
    unless we agree on the road to take.

    The decision to expand NATO showed the power of a bi-partisan consensus.
    Another example is the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program,
    under which we are helping the former Soviet Union diminish its nuclear
    arsenal.  As a result of Nunn-Lugar, Belarus, Kasakhstan, and Ukraine
    have abolished their nuclear arsenals.  After the Soviet Union split up,
    these countries maintained the third, fourth and fifth largest strategic
    nuclear forces in the world.

    The second key to a strong defense is maintaining budgets that are
    adequate to meet our challenges, both current and future.

    Today our spending on readiness is high.  Our forces in Bosnia, Korea and
    the Gulf -those at the tip of the spear-prove every day that they are
    well trained, well led and ready to defend U.S. interests.

    But we are facing some strains, particularly in the follow-on forces.
    The Navy and the Air Force are experiencing problems with recruiting and
    retention, in part because of attractive job offers from the booming
    private sector.  The Army has had to take money out of base operations
    and infrastructure accounts to pay for readiness.

    In any given year, it is tempting to slow development and procurement of
    future weapons in order to fund today's operations.  This is a costly
    mistake.

    Technology now gives the United States an opportunity that no other
    military has ever had:  the ability to see through the fog of war more
    clearly and to strike precisely over long distances. This is what we call
    the revolution in military affairs.  It means fighting with more stealth
    and surprise.  It means achieving greater effectiveness with less risk.

    The Revolution in Military Affairs is NOT just a vision of the future; it
    is a set of capabilities that we are beginning to use today.  Realizing
    the program's full promise  will require new weapons and digital links
    between intelligence gatherers and warriors.  It will also demand that we
    continue to recruit, train and retain a well-educated force.

    Last year I proposed management reforms and base closings designed to
    produce billions of dollars of savings that can be channeled into
    readiness and procurement.  We need to achieve these savings if we hope
    to maintain the best fighting force in the world to face future
    challenges.

    The challenges include overcoming the technological difficulties of
    developing and deploying effective theater and national missile defense
    systems.

    I am committed to working with the President and with Congress to assure
    that our armed forces have the resources they need to protect U.S.
    interests in the 21st century as well as they have in this century.

    The third element in my vision for a strong national security policy is
    international cooperation. While the United States is the world's
    undisputed leader, we cannot solve problems alone.

    One example is preventing aggression by Iraq.  Our policy of containing
    Iraq is the policy of the U.N. Security Council.  Enforcement of Security
    Council Resolutions  prevents him from attacking his neighbors and from
    rebuilding his weapons of mass destruction program.

    Saddam Hussein wants to remove U.N. economic sanctions, recover control
    of his oil revenues and rebuild his military, including large stock piles
    of chemical and biological weapons.

    For years Iraq has been trying to divide the Security Council by
    pretending that the dispute is between Washington and Baghdad.  It is not.  This is a dispute between Iraq and the U.N. over whether Iraq is going to comply with U.N. mandates requiring it to disclose and dismantle its program to build nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and the missiles to deliver them.
    Last week's Security Council decision to suspend the bi-monthly review of
    sanctions until Iraq lives up to its commitments is a set back for Saddam.  Despite his efforts, the Security Council remains unified behind full compliance.

    The complex security challenges the United States faces today can't be
    resolved by the military alone.  Soldiers and diplomats have always
    worked side by side.  Now we are learning in Asia that economists and
    soldiers share the same interests in stability.

    Months ago, I appeared on Capitol Hill with Treasury Secretary Rubin and
    Federal Reserve Board Chairman Greenspan to argue for economic support
    for South Korea.  I pointed out that economic and military security were
    linked there and in other parts of Asia.  Earlier today, the President
    noted that security rests on economic growth and development.

    One area that illustrates the need for a bi-partisan approach, adequate
    funding, international cooperation and close inter-agency coordination is
    the battle against terrorism.  We can no longer think of terrorists as
    malefactors who attack American interests abroad.  The World Trade Center
    Bombing and Oklahoma City have destroyed that myth.

    The challenge of terrorism demands that we think the unthinkable--attacks
    with weapons of mass destruction on American soil.

    The Defense Department is actively engaged with other federal agencies and
    with State and local authorities to prepare for such attacks.  Two years
    ago, at the direction of Congress, the Department of Defense started a
    program to train city and state authorities responsible for emergency
    medical, fire fighting, hazardous material, police, and other services.
    State and local officials are the first respondents--the people who will
    be first on the scene if an attack occurs.

    So far, we have already trained nearly 10,000 first responders in 30
    cities, and another 25 cities will receive training in the coming year.
    Our program is specifically designed so that the people we train become
    trainers themselves.  This  approach will greatly magnify our efforts to
    produce a core of qualified first responders across the nation.

    The Department of Defense is providing other support services, such as
    establishing 10 Rapid Assessment, Identification and Detection Teams in
    the National Guard.  These new RAID teams will quickly reach the scene of
    an incident in order to help local first responders figure out what kind
    of attack occurred, its extent, and the steps needed to minimize and
    manage the consequences.

    Getting prepared for such a potential attack is extremely complicated,
    given the wide range of possible threats and the many players at the
    local, state and federal levels.

    Earlier this summer the President acted to expand and improve coordination
    of federal efforts.  We have made significant progress already and expect
    more in the coming months.  We hope, for example, to consolidate all
    support to state and local officials into one lead federal agency.  Other
    agencies, such as the Department of Defense, will play an active support
    role.

    So far we have had several false alarms, such as the anthrax hoaxes in
    Wichita, Washington and Las Vegas.  We had one close call here in New
    York.  The World Trade Center bombers attempted, fortunately without
    success, to develop a chemical weapon capability to supplement their
    truck bomb.

    And we know that Usama bin Laden wants chemical weapons and has worked to
    acquire them.  These facts, combined with the multiple chemical weapons
    attacks in Japan by the Aum Shinrikyo cult, should make clear that the
    threat is real.  We must be prepared.

    Terrorism demands a coordinated, resolute response, but there is one
    response we should never indulge.  We must never allow messengers of hate
    to alter the course of America's role in the world.

    We must be mindful that those who engage in terror will exploit any
    display of fear or weakness. We have a choice:  fight or fold in pathetic
    cowardice.

    America cannot retreat behind concrete bunkers and barriers and expect to
    be a force for good in the world--or even to remain secure in our own
    homes.

    And no government can permit others to attack its citizens with impunity,
    if it hopes to retain the loyalty and confidence of those it is charged
    to protect.

    We can remain free only as long we remain strong and brave.  We intend to
    do precisely that.  All should know that we will not simply play passive
    defense.

    Those who sponsor or support acts of terrorism are not beyond the reach
    of America's military might.  We demonstrated this after the attacks
    against our embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam.

    Those who attack American citizens will find no safe harbor, no haven in
    which to hide.

    A successful fight against terrorism will require discipline, patience
    and strength.  There is no doubt that terrorists will test our resolve.
    There is no doubt that we will meet the test.

    -END-

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    [Distributed at meeting]

                         COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

                                   Meeting

                                    with

                        THE HONORABLE WILLIAM S. COHEN
                          U.S. Secretary of Defense

                A CONVERSATION WITH THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE:
                              EMERGING THREATS

                          Monday, September 14, 1998
                               5:30 - 7:00 p.m.

                             Coffee/Tea Reception
                               5:30 - 6:00 p.m.

                                   Meeting
                               6:00 - 7:00 p.m.

                                Leslie H. Gelb
                                  President
                         Council on Foreign Relations
                                  Presiding

    The presentation, discussion & question-and-answer period will be
    on-the-record.

    Mrs. Janet Langhart Cohen

    Hon. C.W. Bill Young (R-FL)
    Member of the House of Representatives

    Mrs. Beverly Young

    Mr. Kenneth H. Bacon
    Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs

    Ms. Pamela Berkowsky
    Assistant Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Defense

    Col. Mastin Robeson, USMC
    Military Assistant to the Secretary of Defense

    Ms. Mary Ellen Connell
    Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs

    Major Douglas B. McNary
    Speech Writer to the Secretary of Defense

                               Participants

    Odeh F. Aburdene                      Warren Bass
    The Capital Trust Group               Council on Foreign Relations

    Laurence D. Anderson                  Alan R. Batkin
    KEDO                                  Kissinger Associates, Inc.

    Terry L. Andreas                      Brian Battersby
    School for Field Studies              SFM Media

    Robert Anthoine                       Robert M. Bestani
    Winthrop, Stimson, Putnarn & Roberts
                                          Richard K. Betts
    Henry H. Arnhold                      Council on Foreign Relations
    Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder, Inc.
                                          John P. Birkelund
    Mario L. Baeza                        Warburg Dillon Read
    TCW/Latin America Partners, L.L.C.
                                          Edward Bleier
    Leslie E. Bains                       Warner Brothers
    Republic National Bank of NY

    Donald Blinken                        Robert Carswell
                                          Shearrnan & Sterling
    Carroll R. Bogert
    Human Rights Watch                    Betsy H. Cohen
                                          Chris-Craft Industries, Inc.
    Landrum R. Bolling
    Conflict Management Group             Jerome Alan Cohen
                                          Council on Foreign Relations
    Marshall M. Bouton
    Asia Society                          Joan Ganz Cooney
                                          Children's Television Workshop
    Denis A. Bovin
    Bear. Stearns & Co. Inc.              Jack David

    John Brademas                         Jacquelyn K. Davis
    New York University                   Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis

    Christopher W. Brody                  Kathryn W. Davis
    E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co., LLC       Shelby Cullom Davis & Co.

    Joshua Brook                          Peter M. Dawkins
    Council on Foreign Relations          The Travelers

    David S. Browning                     Lois Pattison de Menil
    Schlumberger Limited                  The DM Foundation

    Judith Bruce                          Raghida Dergham
    The Population Council                Al-Hayat

    William J. Butler                     Robert P. DeVecchi
    Butler & Geller                       Council on Foreign Relations

    Ralph Buultjens                       Jayantha Dhanapala
    New York University                   NPT Extension Conference

    Colin G. Campbell                     John Diebold
    The Rockefeller Brothers Fund         The Diebold Institute for Public Policy
                                          Studies
    Susanna P. Campbell
    Council on Foreign Relations          William Diebold, Jr.

    Lisa M. Caputo                        William Donaldson
    CBS                                   Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette

    Grant R. Doty                         Charlynn Goins
    U.S. Military Academy
                                          Ronnie L. Goldberg
    Joel Dreyfuss                         U.S. Council for International Business
    Fortune Magazine
                                          Harrison J. Goldin
    Jaymie Durnan                         Goldin Associates
    MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings Inc.
                                          John Goldman
    Susan K. Ellingwood                   The Los Angeles Times
    The Wall Street Journal
                                          Roy M. Goodman
    Claude E. Erbsen                      New York State Senate
    Associated Press - NY
                                          Albert H. Gordon
    Lisa C. Ferrell                       Deltec Asset Management Corporation
    Arkansas State House of
    Representatives
                                          Michael D. Granoff
    Maria Figueroa                        Pomona Capital
    Council on Foreign Relations
                                          Maurice R. Greenberg
    Peter Flaherty                        American International Group, Inc.
    McKinsey & Company, Inc.
                                          Joseph N. Greene, Jr.
    Andrew D. Frank
    Strategy XXI Group                    Donald P. Gregg
                                          The Korea Society
    Bart Friedman
    Cahill Gordon & Reindel               Julie M. Grimes
                                          Winthrop, Stimson, Putnam & Roberts
    Thomas J. Gallagher
    CIBC Oppenheimer                      Henry A. Grunwald
                                          Council on Foreign Relations
    Charles S. Ganoe
    Ganoe Associates                      John H. F. Haskell, Jr.
                                          Warburg Dillon Read
    Richard L. Garwin
    Council on Foreign Relations          Rita E. Hauser
                                          Stroock & Stroock & Lavan
    Bruce S. Gelb
    Judy Gelb                             William L. Hauser

    Joachim Gfoeller, Jr.                 Theresa A. Havell
    G.M.S. Capital Partners, L.P.         Havell Capital Management

    Mitchell W. Hedstrom                  Meher Jan
    Citibank                              Council on Foreign Relations

    David Hilmer                          Morton L. Janklow
    Council on Foreign Relations          Janklow & Nesbit Associates

    Christine M. Y. Ho                    Merit E. Janow
    The G7 Group Inc.                     Columbia University

    James F. Hoge, Jr.                    Robert W. Johnson IV
    Foreign Affairs                       The Johnson Company, Inc.

    Karen N. Horn                         David L. Jones
    Bankers Trust Company                 Council on Foreign Relations

    Richard C. Hottelet                   James R. Jones

    Karen Elliott House                   Marvin Josephson
    Dow Jones & Company, Inc.             ICM Holdings Inc.

    Robert E. Hunter                      Howard Kaminsky
    RAND Corporation
                                          Gilbert E. Kaplan
    Patricia S. Huntington                The Kaplan Foundation
    Huntington Associates
                                          Adrian Karatnycky
    J. C. Hurewitz                        Freedom House
    Columbia University
                                          Stephen L. Kass
    John B. Hurford                       Carter, Ledyard & Milburn
    BEA Associates, Inc.
                                          Daniel J. Kaufman
    Walter S. Isaacson                    U.S. Military Academy
    Time, Inc.
                                          David Kellogg
    Steven L. Isenberg                    Council on Foreign Relations

    Mahnaz Z. Ispahani                    Melanie M. Kirkpatrick
    The Ford Foundation                   The Wall Street Journal

    William E. Jackson                    George Klein
    Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy       Park Tower Group

    Jerome Jacobson                       James M. Klurfeld
    Economic Studies Inc.                 Newsday

    Lawrence J. Korb                      Anne Luzzatto
    Council on Foreign Relations          Council on Foreign Relations

    Geraldine S. Kunstadter               Ying Ma
    The Albert Kunstadter Family          Council on Foreign Relations
    Foundation

    Andrew Latzman                        Alice K. Malone
    Lockheed Martin                       Delta Three

    Jeffrey Laurenti                      Harpreet K. Mann
    United Nations Association of the     Council on Foreign Relations
    U.S.A.

    Joshua Lederberg                      Paul A. Marks
    Rockefeller University                Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

    Roger S. Leeds                        Ann R. Markusen
    Patricof & Co. Ventures, Inc.         Council on Foreign Relations

    John F. Lehman                        Suzanne McDonough
    J.F. Lehman & Co.
                                          Robert M. McKinney
    Wilbert J. LeMelle                    The Santa Fe New Mexican
    Phelps Stokes Fund
                                          Carol McKusick
    Reynold Levy                          Council on Foreign Relations
    International Rescue Committee
                                          Lawrence C. McQuade
    Nancy A. Lieberman                    River Capital International LLC
    Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom
                                          Kathryn B. Medina
    Robert K. Lifton
    Cell Diagnostics, Inc.                Carl B. Menges
                                          Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette
    Bette Bao Lord
    Freedom House                         John R. Menke

    Winston Lord                          Theodor Meron
                                          New York University
    Oivind Lorentzen III
    Northern Navigation America, Inc.     Zoltan Merszei
                                          McFarland Dewey & Co.
    Gregory Loyd
    Council on Foreign Relations          Michael R. Meyer
                                          Newsweek

    John Micklethwait                     Michael F. Oppenheimer
    The Economist                         Multinational Strategies, Inc.

    Judith Miller                         James Ortenzio
    The New York Times                    JAO Holdings Corp.

    Arthur M. Mitchell III                Carter W. Page
    Chadbourne & Parke LLP                Eurasia Group

    Georgette Mosbacher                   Jonathan Paris
    Georgette Mosbacher Enterprises       Council on Foreign Relations

    Joel W. Motley                        Juliette M. Passer-Muslin
    Carmona Motley Hoffmann, Inc.         International Project Development Group.
                                          LLC
    Jan Marie Mowder Hughes
    Council on Foreign Relations          Roland A. Paul
                                          Howmet International Inc.
    C. G. Murphy
                                          Linda J. Perkin
    Elva Murphy                           United Nations
    Council on Foreign Relations
                                          Louis Perlmutter
    Janice L. Murray                      Lazard Freres & Co. LLC
    Council on Foreign Relations
                                          Michael P. Peters
    John A. Nagl                          Council on Foreign Relations
    U.S. Military Academy
                                          Holly Peterson
    Priscilla A. Newman                   CIS Media Group
    Welsh, Carson, Anderson & Stowe
                                          Ponchitta Pierce
    Edward N. Ney
    Burson-Marsteller                     Lester Pollack
                                          Lazard Freres & Co. LLC
    Carole Nichols
    Global Kids, Inc.                     Susan Kaufman Purcell
                                          Americas Society
    Matthew Nimetz
    Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &       Bruce Rabb
    Garrison                              Kramer, Levin, Naftalis & Frankel

    Carol O'Cleireacain
    New York University

    Clyde E. Rankin III                   Richard E. Salomon
    Coudert Brothers                      Spears, Benzak, Salomon & Farrell. Inc.

    Richard Ravitch                       Barbara C. Samuels II
    Ravitch, Rice & Co.                   Samuels Associates

    Donald S. Rice                        Kori Schake
    Ravitch, Rice & Co.                   National Defense University

    Stephen Robert                        Eugene A. Sekulow
    CIBC Oppenheimer Corp.
                                          Jason T. Shaplen
    Barbara Paul Robinson                 KEDO
    Debevoise & Plimpton
                                          Kevin P. Sheehan
    David Rockefeller                     Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz
    Council on Foreign Relations
                                          Jack Sheinkman
    Frederick F. Roggero                  Amalgamated Bank of New York
    Council on Foreign Relations
                                          Ronald K. Shelp
    Ervin J. Rokke                        Kent Global Strategies. Inc.
    Moravian College
                                          Lisa Shields
    Frederick P. Rose                     ABC News
    Rose Associates, Inc.
                                          Henry Siegman
    Gideon Rose                           Council on Foreign Relations
    Council on Foreign Relations
                                          Leon V. Sigal
    A. M. Rosenthal                       Social Science Research Council
    The New York Times
                                          Robert B. Silvers
    Katherine Roth                        New York Review of Books

    John G. Ruggie                        Jarnes B. Sitrick
    United Nations                        Coudert Brothers

    Randy Rydell                          Joseph E. Slater
    Senate Committee on Governmental      John J. McCloy International Center
    Affairs
                                          Ann Brownell Sloane
    Scott D. Sagan                        Sloane & Hinshaw, Inc.
    Stanford University

    Don M. Snider                         Robert C. Waggoner
    U.S. Military Academy                 Burrelle's Information Services

    Richard W. Sonnenfeldt                April Wahlestedt
    Solar Outdoor Lighting                Council on Foreign Relations

    Theodore C. Sorensen                  Michaela L. Walsh
    Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &       Women's Asset Management, Ltd.
    Garrison

    George Soros                          John L. Washburn
    Soros Fund Management                 United Nations Association of the U.S.A.

    Walter P. Stern                       Eric Watnik
    Capital Group International, Inc.     Council on Foreign Relations

    Gordon C. Stewart                     John H. Watts
    Insurance Inforrnation Institute      Fischer Francis Trees & Watts

    Marie-Xaviere Strauss                 Ruth Wedgwood
    Council on Foreign Relations          Council on Foreign Relations

    Francis X. Sutton                     John L. Weinberg
                                          Goldman, Sachs & Co.
    Stevenson Swanson
    The Chicago Tribune                   Elizabeth G. Weymouth
                                          The Washington Post
    Eric P. Swenson
    W. W. Norton & Co.                    W. M. Winfield
                                          Council on Foreign Relations
    Shibley Telhami
    University of Maryland                Cecil Wray
                                          Debevoise & Plimpton
    Maurice Tempelsman
    Leon Tempelsman & Son                 Michel Zaleski

    Laurence A. Tisch                     Norton D. Zinder
    Loews Corporation                     Rockefeller University

    Seymour Topping                       Kimberly M. Zisk
    Columbia University                   Columbia University

                                          Mortimer B. Zuckerman
                                          Boston Properties

    Deborah Natsios
    DMZ Forum

    John Young
    Cryptome