   

   

   



   

Cryptome DVDs are offered by Cryptome. Donate $25 for two DVDs of the Cryptome 12-years collection of 46,000 files from June 1996 to June 2008 (~6.7 GB). Click Paypal or mail check/MO made out to John Young, 251 West 89th Street, New York, NY 10024. The collection includes all files of cryptome.org, jya.com, cartome.org, eyeball-series.org and iraq-kill-maim.org, and 23,000 (updated) pages of counter-intelligence dossiers declassified by the US Army Information and Security Command, dating from 1945 to 1985.The DVDs will be sent anywhere worldwide without extra cost.





  

�

 Web

 cryptome.org

 cryptome.info

 jya.com

 eyeball-series.org

 cryptome.cn

      

 

	-------------------------------------------------



The New York Times, February 2, 1997, p. 22.



F.B.I Investigating 200 Spy Cases in U.S.



Washington, Feb. 1 (AP) -- The F.B.I. is investigating about 200

spy cases nationwide despite the end of the cold war, a senior

bureau official says.



"That's a good number," Raymond A. Mislock, the chief of the

national security section of the field office here, said on Friday

when asked about that figure in a discussion with reporters. "We

have an extremely high number of espionage allegations."



The Russian intelligence agencies in Washington, Mr. Mislock said,

are the "largest in the world."



"And it's not just the Russians," he added. "The threat comes from

throughout the world. "Some people in Government who should have

known better assumed this would die with the end of the cold war."



Mr. Mislock handles both counterespionage and counterterrorism

cases in Washington and northern Virginia and terrorism cases

against Americans in the Middle East, Africa and Europe. Growing

instances of domestic terrorism, like the Oklahoma City bombing,

prompted the bureau to assign more agents to counterterrorism, he

said.



A year ago, F.B.I. headquarters had one section of agents dealing

with terrorism. Now, one section deals with domestic terrorism and

another section with international terrorism. For a terrorism

analysis section, the Federal Bureau of Investigation is hiring

academicians and borrowing experts from the Central Intelligence

Agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency.



"The domestic threat has become more of a concern than previously,"

Mr. Mislock said. "And the international threat has stayed very

high."



----------



Financial Times, February 5, 1997, p. 5.



Japan eyes market for cheap mobile phone



By Michiyo Nakamoto in Tokyo



Japanese telecoms equipment makers are developing portable

phones which combine the low costs of the personal

handyphone system (PHS), developed in Japan, with the

greater coverage of digital phones using the European GSM

standard.



The move is part of an effort by Japan's Ministry of Posts

and Telecommunications to promote PHS in developing

countries where investment in telecoms infrastructure is

gathering pace. The ministry has been working on this with

equipment manufacturers such as NEC and Fujitsu and telecoms

operators, including NTT and DDI.



The Japanese telecoms authorities and manufacturers have a

strong desire to make PHS a world standard but "the biggest

problem is that GSM is everywhere", points out Mr Eric Gan.

industry analyst at Goldman Sachs in Tokyo. GSM is used in 80

countries, so if the PHS could be made compatible or "piggy

back" GSM phones. it could open up these markets.



In spite of its high level of technological expertise in the

industry, Japan has so far failed to develop its telecoms

technologies into worldwide standards, mostly because of

poor marketing.



The telecoms ministry, which wants to ensure that it does

not repeat that mistake with PHS, has been promoting the

standard from an early stage. This time, Japan has a

distinct advantage over the PDC standard being developed in

the US and the European DECT standard because unlike those

systems PHS is already in wide use.



In Japan there are more than 5m PHS subscribers, says Mr

Gan.



The system is being adopted in Thailand and in part of

China, where the government recently allocated a radio

spectrum for PHS. It is also being used on trial in

Singapore, Hong Kong and elsewhere.



Since it uses base stations covering a shorter radius than

those for cellular phones, the PHS system is significantly

cheaper to install and PHS calls cost one-third to one-fifth

the cost of cellular phone calls.



However, the biggest obstacle to greater PHS acceptance,

particularly in Asia, is the widespread GSM standard.

Japanese manufacturers believe compatibility with the

European standard would enhance the appeal of PHS in such

countries as China where GSM dominates.



"GSM is a de facto standard for mobile phones that is used

widely in many countries. By developing a handset that uses

PHS for shortdistance calls and GSM for longer distances, we

are hoping to make PHS a world standard as well," said a

representative of Matsushita Communication Industrial, a

leading maker of PHS terminals.



The product being developed is likely to be a single handset

which can be used more cheaply as a PHS phone where a PHS

network exists and a GSM cellular phone outside the PHS

network's coverage.



The combined PHS/GSM handset would be aimed at overseas

markets that already use GSM and where investment in

telecoms is increasing. They would not be introduced in

Japan.



----------



2-5-97. Wireless Data News:



FCC Bandwidth Forum Panelist Says Wireless Is Potential

'Wild Card' in Planning for Future Broadband Access



Telecommunications experts do not know which medium will be

the most important pathway to the Internet in coming years.

There are inherent problems connected with new cable television

systems, local telephone networks and satellite technologies.



"I think there will be some good [wireless] solutions. We and

others are working on it," said Stagg Newman of Bell

Communications Research (Bellcore), during the FCC

Bandwidth Forum, a day-long commission-sponsored meeting

held late last month to explore possible ways to establish

broadband connections to homes and businesses. "I think it's

really the wild card and it may open up Internet access."



Internet access as consumers know it today -- 28.8 kilobits per

second throughput over public switched telephone network

(PSTN) lines, requiring several seconds or sometimes minutes to

display a single photograph -- will have to be replaced with

higher-speed service -- multiple megabits per second (Mbps) -- in

order for the Internet to continue growing at its current rapid

pace. Most experts and policy makers at the forum accepted that

as fact.



...The High-Band Approach



A few years ago, many believed cable television systems held the

best position for providing broadband Internet access to

businesses and eventually the mass market.



More than 60 percent of U.S. households have cable TV and its

next-generation fiber infrastructure already is based on

broadband technologies that could outpace the performance of

advanced twisted pair and fiber optic technologies developed for

the telcos, such as integrated service digital networks (ISDN),

asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and asymmetrical digital

subscriber lines (ADSL).



But the cable scenario has failed to materialize. A few

communities have access to high-speed cable modems, but a

large majority of cable TV systems do not have the two-way,

addressable fiber infrastructure to support such service, and it

may be many years before that infrastructure is installed.



In recent weeks, Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI), the largest

U.S. multiple cable TV system owner and once a leader in the

drive for cable-based telephony and broadband services, has

pulled back from those projects and refocused on its efforts on

its primary business.



The telephone companies have ADSL and other broadband

technologies, but wireline Internet communications often must

pass through the PSTN, which, as many forum panelists

mentioned, was not designed for the current era of high-speed

data communications.



Most wireless Internet access methods also must fight through

the PSTN bottleneck and at the same time overcome inherent

radio frequency problems. "This is a digital signal. Digital signals

are fragile," Newman said. "For a person on one side of the

street, there is a beautiful signal. For a person on the other side

of the street, there is no signal."



To offer backbone wireless Internet service, it must be a line-

of-sight transmission and "you have to keep your distances short,

which means, depending on the terrain in the region of the

country you're in, somewhere between a mile and a quarter or a

mile to a half to a little bit longer out West," said Doug Morgan,

vice president-marketing, for WinStar Wireless Inc..



WinStar offers data transmission at up to 45 Mbps over the 38

GHz band for backhaul applications and Internet access for

some businesses. It hopes to extend its service to the mass

market one day.



Wireless approaches have advantages as well. "If you look at the

cost of an access provider to go into a building today, it is from

$40,000 to $100,000, depending on what city you're in. I can

understand, if you're Bell Atlantic, saying, 'I don't want to spend

$100,000 to go into a building,'" Morgan said. "We put a 12-inch

dish on the roof and a couple of small radios inside, and we have

access to the building."



In addition, Newman said that some future high-band wireless

services operating in conjunction with wireline systems, such as

local multipoint distribution service (LMDS), could transmit over

longer distances.



Although none of the panelists mentioned them, unlicensed

wireless approaches also offer the possibility of broadband

service to the home. A number of RF equipment manufacturers

are exploring the possibility of transmitting data over 5 GHz of

high-band (59-64 GHz) unlicensed frequencies (WDN, Jan. 8).



"The critical issue is the mass market. That is where tremendous

[capital expenditures] will have to be spent. That is where you

have to dig up the streets or find access to spectrum," Newman

said. "Frequently it is not the technology costs, but digging up

streets, that drives construction costs."



...The New Universal Service



Newman was the first panelist to use the term that became a

general theme for the forum: "IP [Internet protocol] dialtone."

Internet access eventually will be as much a part of the universal

service concept in the United States as the dialtone on a POTS

telephone is today, he said.



The term implies a great deal of expenditure and infrastructure

deployment by private industry in coming years, much of it

perhaps mandated by the government. The FCC already is

considering new Universal Service Fund regulations to pay for

discounted Internet access to schools, libraries and hospitals.

Those rules likely will require wireless carriers to contribute to

the fund to pay for universal Internet access.



Internet service providers (ISPs) will not be able to reach many

rural areas on their own driven only by market incentives, said

Glee Harrah Cady, manager-public policy, for Netcom On-Line

Communications Services Inc., San Jose, Calif., an ISP with 230

access points nationwide. She described Netcom's efforts to

serve a small town in Wyoming where a number of residents had

requested service. The company was not able to comply due to

the cost of setting T1 lines and other distance-related expenses.



Netcom offers a national "800" number for Internet access

outside of its service areas, but it is expensive and users must

pay by the minute.



Peter Harter, global policy counsel for Netscape

Communications Corp., suggested "separating access from

services." Many consumers will want the bundled services that

ISPs will provide, but many schools need nothing more than

basic transport control protocol/IP links.



"When you drill holes in schools, you can have asbestos

problems, so you can talk about wireless LANs," Harter said.

Such systems, as they exist today, could not support broadband

service but could support basic Internet access.



Cady said the choice may come down to the need for broad

service vs. broadband service. If broad service is the goal, it

would be relatively simple to install computers with 286

processors in schools and provide them with 12 kbps data

service.



"When can I get an x-ray from an outlying agency on the

Rosewood Sioux Reservation to the Mayo Clinic?," she asked. "I

wish I had a magic answer."



-----



See the full FCC Broadband Forum report: 



   http://jya.com/fcc970123.htm (322K)



Also, see "How Do We Wire the Ever-Changing Office?,"

which compares requirements for power, wireline and wireless 

systems for buildings:



   http://jya.com/howwire.htm



----------



2-5-97. Wireless Data News:



GTE Wireless Launches Long-Anticipated CS-CDPD Service; Other

Cellular Carriers Continue to Reject Hybrid Approach



Sand Diego -- Often over the last two years it has seemed like GTE

Wireless was completely on its own in its determination to create

a packet data service on circuit-switched cellular channels,

extending the security, Internet access and other network

functions of the cellular digital packet data (CDPD) standard. As

of Monday (Feb. 3), its Circuit-Switched (CS)-CDPD system is

commercially available to customers in its cellular markets.



The CDPD carrier began publicizing CS-CDPD two years ago

and by the following summer of 1995, the CDPD Forum had

approved its inclusion in the CDPD standard specifications.

Since then, other CDPD carriers' reactions to the technology

have ranged from cautious observance to outright rejection.



GTE has been able to gain support from some infrastructure and

end-user device companies, which has made its mission seem

less lonely. The companies now are working together to recruit

customers for large-scale CS-CDPD trials.



Comcast Cellular Communications is the only other cellular

carrier that now supports CS-CDPD. Executives from the other

major CDPD carriers, such as Bell Atlantic Nynex Mobile

(BANM), Ameritech Cellular Services and AT&T Wireless

Services Inc., many of whom were attending the CDPD Forum's

winter membership meeting here last week, still tend to spurn the

hybrid approach. The common complaint: CS- CDPD is not

"real CDPD."



...Coverage Conundrum



CS-CDPD technology allows packet data subscribers who travel

outside of pure CDPD service range to continue operating

CDPD applications wherever cellular voice service is available.

"When you look at it from the end-user's perspective, your

customers want the same footprint as voice...We believe if

you can market to the entire customer base right away, you can

manage to load more customers on the network," said Beverly

Bach, product line manager-wireless data, Lucent Technologies

Inc., one of the two infrastructure companies supporting

CS-CDPD.



The other, Hughes Network Systems, played a major part in

CS-CDPD development and field testing.



Circuitry within the wireless device senses when the field

strength of CDPD signals is fading and when transition to circuit-

switched service is necessary. The circuit-switched signals are

routed through a modem pool to a CDPD access point.



Customers traveling to the fringes of GTE CDPD service areas

will contact a modem pool through a local line. Those phone

numbers are loaded on to CS-CDPD-compatible end-user

devices.



If a CDPD customer roams to an area where no local line to a

modem pool exists, the phone automatically dials GTE's national

modem pool, which can be accessed through a toll-free number.



New circuit-switched uplink protocols make possible two- or

three-second transitions between CDPD and circuit-switched

airlinks. That lag time will seem nearly imperceptible to the end

user, CS-CDPD supporters say.



CS-CDPD's critics tend to be unimpressed, saying that network

response still is noticeably slower when compared to pure CDPD

links. At the same time, circuit-switched links are more

expensive, billed by the minute.



Most rival CDPD carriers appear to believe that the coverage

problems CS-CDPD solves apply to GTE in a way that does not

apply to them. Although all the major carriers have finished

CDPD interconnection agreements and are in the process of

establishing the physical links between their markets, most

current CDPD sales efforts are focused on regional, vertical

customers rather than national customers.



(The total number of CDPD customers nationwide is about

10,000 or less.)



BANM, for example, has the geographical advantage of having

several East Coast CDPD markets bunched together, forming a

nearly unbroken CDPD footprint from Maine to the Carolinas.

CS-CDPD is not needed to serve its regional customers. GTE's

markets are scattered throughout the country.



AT&T's markets are scattered as well, but many are among the

most populated U.S. cities. GTE's markets, on the other hand,

tend to be smaller cities where it is less cost-effective to match

the CDPD footprint to the voice footprint.



Even in San Diego, one of GTE's larger markets, the carrier

deployed a mobile AMPS/CDPD cell to support packet data

demonstrations during the CDPD Forum meeting. The meeting

was held at the Hotel del Coronodo on Coronodo Island, just a

few minutes drive from downtown San Diego.



...Long-Term Considerations



In spite of some carriers' confidence in their regional footprints,

industry analysts at a CDPD Forum roundtable session agreed

that lack of coverage is one of the greatest barriers to market

acceptance of CDPD. Even purely regional customers

sometimes need to roam outside of the fringe coverage areas.



The first company scheduled to use CS-CDPD in the field

following the commercial launch is Cal Pak Delivery of

Hayward, Calif., a trucking company that operates mainly in the

San Francisco area, within GTE's CDPD coverage area, but also

does significant business in the Sacramento area, outside of the

footprint.



Working with TranSettlements Networks Services of Atlanta,

which specializes in providing communications solutions to the

trucking industry, Cal Pak drivers have been using

CS-CDPD-enhanced PAL phones from Pacific Communications

Sciences Inc. (PCSI). "We are just now moving out of the beta

phase and into production release" of the CS-CDPD/PAL

Phone option, said TranSettlements CEO Emory Winship.



Unless CS-CDPD is successful, however, cellular carriers may

never be able to land any national contracts until CDPD

functions are available on digital cellular and broadband personal

communications services. That goal could take several years to

achieve.



In the intervening years, CDPD's national coverage likely will

continue to have some important holes, including such major

markets as Los Angeles, Atlanta and New Orleans.



A GTE spokeswoman said that the company is very confident of

its chances of winning a contract with the U.S. Postal Service,

similar to a national circuit-switched data service AT&T now

provides the United Parcel Service. Several rival wireless data

technology providers are bidding on the contract, which could do

much to enhance the credibility of CDPD as well as CS-CDPD,

should GTE prevail.



GTE is fortunate that the Post Office contract is being bid almost

simultaneously with CS-CDPD's commercial launch and the

rollout of smart phones based on Unwired Planet's UP.Link

Internet access platform. The carrier will be able to offer national

voice and data access all on the same device and all charged on

the same bill. Besides PCSI's PAL phone, which is now

available, Mitsubishi Wireless Communications Inc. plans to

offer a CS-CDPD version of its MobileAccess phones by late

1997.



In addition, Sierra Wireless Inc., Richmond, British Columbia,

offers CS-CDPD connectivity with its AirCard, a combination

CDPD/circuit-switched Type II PC Card introduced late last

year for under $500. It also plans to install CS-CDPD firmware

in its line of external modems. (GTE, 800/483-6626,

http://www.datalife.gtem.com/.)



----------

