2000 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
Volume 48 Number 5, May 2000

Table of Contents for this issue

Complete paper in PDF format

3-D Radar Imaging Using Range Migration Techniques

Juan M. Lopez-Sanchez, Student Member, IEEE and Joaquim Fortuny-Guasch Member, IEEE

Page 728.

Abstract:

An imaging system with three-dimensional (3-D) capability can be implemented by using a stepped frequency radar which synthesizes a two-dimensional (2-D) planar aperture. A 3-D image can be formed by coherently integrating the backscatter data over the measured frequency band and the two spatial coordinates of the 2-D synthetic aperture. This paper presents a near-field 3-D synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging algorithm. This algorithm is an extension of the 2-D range migration algorithm (RMA). The presented formulation is justified by using the method of the stationary phase (MSP). Implementation aspects including the sampling criteria, resolutions, and computational complexity are assessed. The high computational efficiency and accurate image reconstruction of the algorithm are demonstrated both with numerical simulations and measurements using an outdoor linear SAR system.

References

  1. W. G. Carrara, R. S. Goodman and R. M. Majewski, Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar. Signal Processing Algorithms, Boston, MA: Artech House, 1995.
  2. D. A. Ausherman, A. Kozma, J. L. Walker, H. M. Jones and E. C. Poggio, "Developments in radar imaging", IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 20, pp.  363-400, July  1984 .
  3. C. Cafforio, C. Prati and E. Rocca, "SAR data focusing using seismic migration techniques", IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 27, pp.  194-207, Mar.  1991.
  4. R. Stolt, "Migration by Fourier transform techniques", Geophys., no. 43, pp.  49-76, 1978.
  5. C. Prati, A. M. Guarnieri and F. Rocca, "Spot mode SAR focusing with the $-k technique", in Proc. IEEE Int. Geosci. Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS), Helsinki, Finland,June 1991, pp.  631-634. 
  6. C. Prati and F. Rocca, "Focusing SAR data with time-varying Doppler centroid", IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 30, pp.  550-559, May  1992.
  7. A. GoldenJr., S. C. Wei, K. K. Ellis and S. Tummala, "Migration processing of spotlight SAR data", in SPIE Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery, vol. 2230, Orlando, FL, 1994, pp.  25- 35. 
  8. J. Fortuny, E. Ohlmer, A. J. Sieber, P. Pasquali, C. Prati and F. Rocca, "Validating SAR interferometry applications by using EMSL", in Proc. IEEE Int. Geosci. Remote Sensing Symp. (IGARSS) , vol. 2, Pasadena, CA, Aug. 1994, pp.  736-738. 
  9. C. Yerkes and E. Webster, "Implementation of w-k synthetic aperture radar imaging algorithm on a massively parallel supercomputer", in Proc. SPIE, vol. 2230, Orlando, FL, 1994, pp.  171-178. 
  10. R. K. Raney, H. Runge, R. Bamler, I. G. Cumming and F. H. Wong, "Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling", IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 32, pp.  786-799, July  1994.
  11. A. Broquetas, L. Jofre and A. Cardama, "A near field spherical wave inverse synthetic aperture radar technique", in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propagat. Soc. Int. Symp., vol. 2, Chicago, IL, July 1992, pp.  114-117. 
  12. J. Fortuny, A. J. Sieber, J. Palau and A. Broquetas, "QUICKSAR: A near field linear/inverse synthetic aperture radar processor", in Proc. Progress Electromagn. Res. Symp. , Nordwijk, The Netherlands, 1994.
  13. A. Broquetas, J. Palau, L. Jofre and A. Cardama, "Spherical wave near-field imaging and radar cross-section measurement", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 46, no.  5, pp.  730-735, May  1998.
  14. J. Fortuny, "An efficient three dimensional near field ISAR algorithm using the method of stationary phase", IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., pp.  1261-1270, Oct.  1998.
  15. J. Fortuny and A. J. Sieber, "Fast algorithm for a near field synthetic aperture radar processor", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 41, pp.  1458-1460,  Oct.  1994.
  16. K. Mayer, R. Marklein, K. J. Langenberg and T. Kreutter, "Three-dimensional imaging system based on Fourier synthetic aperture focusing technique", Ultrason., vol. 28, pp.  241-255, July  1990.
  17. K. J. Langenberg, M. Brandfaß, K. Mayer, T. Kreutter, A. Brüll, O. Fellinger and D. Huo, "Principles of microwave imaging and inverse scattering", in Proc. EARSel Adv. Remote Sensing Symp., vol. 2, Alpach, Austria, 1993, pp.  163-186. 
  18. M. Fink, "Time reversal of ultrasonic fields-Part I: Basic principles", IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 30, no. 5, pp.  555-566, 1992.
  19. F. Wu, J. L. Thomas and M. Fink, "Time reversal of ultrasonic fields-Part II: Experimental results", IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 30, no. 5, pp.  567-578, 1992.
  20. D. Cassereau and M. Fink, "Time reversal of ultrasonic fields-Part III: Theory of the closed time-reversal cavity", IEEE Trans. Ultrason.,Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 30, no. 5, pp.  579-592, 1992.
  21. A. Papoulis, Systems and Transforms with Applications in Optics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968.
  22. F. J. Harris, "On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with the discrete Fourier transform", Proc. IEEE, vol. 66, pp.  51-83,  Jan.  1978.