2000 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
Volume 48 Number 4, April 2000

A Unified Analytical Model and Experimental Validations of Injection-Locking Processes

Page 493.

Abstract:

Unified analytical expressions predicting the locking range for fundamental, subharmonic (n=2), superharmonic (n=2), and parametric injection ( m=n=p=1) locking are presented and compared in this paper. Power series are employed to model the device nonlinearity. The a-parameters, relating nonlinear I-V behavior, are extracted using a harmonic-balance approach. These expressions are verified using an UHF oscillator; and good agreement is obtained between the experimental and analytical results.

References

1. R. Adler, "A study of locking phenomena in oscillations", Proc. IRE, vol. 34, pp.  351-357, 1946.
2. K. Kurokawa, "Insection locking of microwave solid-state oscillators", Proc. IEEE, vol. 61, pp.  1386-1410, Oct.  1973.
3. A. S. Daryoush, "Optical synchronization of millimeter-wave oscillators for distributed architectures", IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 38, pp.  467-476, May  1990.
4. J. Birkeland and T. Itoh, "A 16-element quasi-optical FET oscillator power-combining array with external injection locking", IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 40, pp.  475-481, Mar.  1992.
5. D. Wake, et al. "A 60-GHz 120-MB/s QPSK fiber-radio transmission experiment incorporating an electroabsorption modulator transceiver for a full duplex optical data path", in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig. , vol. 1, Denver, CO, June 1997, pp.  39-42. 
6. X. Zhang, X. Zhou and A. S. Daryoush, "A theoretical and experimental study of the noise behavior of subharmonically locked local oscillations", IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 40, pp.  895-902, May  1992.
7. A. Haq Al-Ani, A. L. Cullen and J. R. Forrest, "A phase-locking method for beam steering in active array antennas", IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-22, pp.  698-703, June  1974.
8. Y. Fukatsu and H. Kato, "Frequency conversion with gain through sideband locking of an IMPATT diode oscillation", Proc. IEEE, vol. 57, pp.  342-343,  Mar.  1969.
9. H. Okamoto and M. Ikeda, "Injection locking of an IMPATT diode oscillation by using a low-frequency signal parametric injection locking", in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., San Diego, CA, 1977, pp.  234-236. 
10. S. A. Maas, Nonlinear Microwave Circuits, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1988.
11. J. J. Bussagang, L. Ehrman and J. W. Graham, "Analysis of nonlinear systems with multiple inputs", Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, pp.  1088-1199, Aug.  1974.
12. S. T. Chew and T. Itoh, "Application of Volterra series to the problem of self-oscillating mixer", IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 44, pp.  269-274, Feb.  1996.
13. H. K. Gummel and H. C. Poon, "An integral charge control model of bipolar transistors", Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 49, pp.  827-851, 1970.
14. W. R. Curtice and M. Ettenberg, "A nonlinear GaAs FET model for use in the design of output circuits for power amplifiers", IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-33, pp.  1383-1394, Dec.  1985.
15. V. Rizzoli, A. Neri and D. Masotti, "The application of harmonic-balance methodology to the analysis of injection locking", in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig. , Albuquerque, NM, June 1992, pp.  1591-1594. 
16. H. P. Moyer, "Comparison of injection locking techniques using nonlinear methods", Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Comput. Eng.,Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA, June 1998.
17. A. S. Daryoush, K. Sato, K. Horikawa and H. Ogawa, "Electrically injection locked intermodal oscillation in a long optical cavity laser diode", IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Lett., vol. 7, pp.  194-196, July  1997.